Direct and indirect speech

NAMA   : RAFLI ANGGI PERDANA
NPM      : 17213135
KELAS  : 1EA27
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA "KALIMALANG"

Direct and indirect speech

Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.

1.  Direct speech
2.  Indirect speech

Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.

Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
              He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)
              He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)
              They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)
              They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

Fundamental rules for indirect speech.

1.  Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2.  Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
3.  Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

Example.
       Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
       Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
       Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
       Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the                                                                                person of object of reporting verb)

1.  Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

1.  Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

Examples.
   Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
   Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t                                                                                    change)

In this section, We are going to see How the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech and Indirect to Direct Speech is done? 

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways. 

1. Direct Speech 

We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech. 

2. Indirect Speech 

We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech. 

Example: 

• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.” 
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then. 

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.” 
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter. 

How to change Direct to Indirect Speech? 

It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas. 

It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made. 

Thus: 

i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement. 

ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person) 

iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”. 

iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”. 

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech: 

A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense. 

a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense. 

Example: 

• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.” 
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell. 

b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous. 

Example: 

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.” 
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter. 

c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect: 

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech? 

Example: 

• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.” 
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination. 

d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech. 

Example: 

• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.” 
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night. 

REVERENSI:

http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html

http://www.english-for-students.com/DirecttoIndirectSpeech.html

passive voice

NAMA   : Rafli Anggi Perdana
NPM      : 17213135
KELAS  : 1EA27
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA "KALIMALANG"

Passive and Active Voices

Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can pick out a passive voice construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active construction. There is nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active mode, do so (see exceptions below). Your text will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.

We find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-protective business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic military writers (who must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. Thus "Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children" places the burden on the ads — as opposed to "We designed the cigarette ads to appeal especially to children," in which "we" accepts responsibility. At a White House press briefing we might hear that "The President was advised that certain members of Congress were being audited" rather than "The Head of the Internal Revenue service advised the President that her agency was auditing certain members of Congress" because the passive construction avoids responsibility for advising and for auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we should not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence: "The executive committee approved the new policy, and the calendar for next year's meetings was revised" should be recast as "The executive committee approved the new policy and revised the calendar for next year's meeting."

Take the quiz (below) as an exercise in recognizing and changing passive verbs.

The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in two situations:

• When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck during the early morning hours.
• When the actor in the situation is not important: The aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.

The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we would write "Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the action: "The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse."

We use the passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences.

The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students withdraw from course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of "IW" . . . .

The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move from being the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice allows for this transition.†

Passive Verb Formation

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."

Tense	Subject	Auxiliary		Past Participle
		Singular	Plural
Present	The car/cars	is	are	designed.
Present perfect	The car/cars	has been	have been	designed.
Past	The car/cars	was	were	designed.
Past perfect	The car/cars	had been	had been	designed.
Future	The car/cars	will be	will be	designed.
Future perfect	The car/cars	will have been	will have been	designed.
Present progressive	The car/cars	is being	are being	designed.
Past progressive	The car/cars	was being	were being	designed.

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active	Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive	An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive	Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:

resemble	look like	equal	agree with
mean	contain	hold	comprise
lack	suit	fit	become

Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.

 

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
    These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb's action.
            
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Passive voice
One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
    Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
            
Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
NOTE:   Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:
    1.  Move  the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject  slot
             
    2. Place the active sentence's subject into a  phrase beginning with the preposition by
              
    3.  Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the  main verb's form
              
Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in  active voice  flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in  passive voice.
             
            
It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
    1.  Move  the passive sentence's subject into the active  sentence's  direct object slot
             
    2.  Remove  the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed
            
    3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.
           
Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

• the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

             Examples
             

• the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action

            Examples
               

• the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Referensi:

Ø  http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm

Ø  http://www.towson.edu/ows/activepass.htm

pengertian Ilmu Budaya Dasar dan Manusia&kebudayaan

Nama: Rafli Anggi Perdana

NPM: 17213135

Kelas: 1EA27

Tugas Ilmu Budaya Dasar

  Pengertian Ilmu Budaya Dasar.

Ilmu Budaya Dasar adalah pengetahuan yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan dasar dan pengertian umum tentang konsep-konsep yang dikembangkan untuk mengkaji masalah-masalah manusia dan kebudayaan.

Istilah Ilmu Budaya Dasar dikembangkan di Indonesia sebagai pengganti istilah Basic Humanitiesm yang berasal dari istilah bahasa Inggris “The Humanities”. Adapun istilah Humanities itu sendiri berasal dari bahasa latin humanus yang bia diartikan manusia,berbudaya dan halus. Dengan mempelajari the humanities diandaikan seseorang akan bisa menjadi lebih manusiawi, lebih berbudaya dan lebih halus.

Menurut Prof.Dr.Harsya Bachtiar bahwa ilmu dan pengetahuan di kelompokan dalam tiga kelompok besar , yaitu :

1. Ilmu-ilmu Alamiah (natural science).

2. Ilmu-ilmu social (social science).

3. Pengetahuan budaya (the humanities).

Referensi:

http://yoppy-candra.blogspot.com/2013/05/rangkuman-ilmu-budaya-dasar.html

 Manusia Dan Kebubudayaan.

1. Manusia

 Manusia atau orang dapat diartikan berbeda-beda dari segi biologis, rohani, dan istilah kebudayaan, atau secara campuran. Secara biologis, manusia diklasifikasikan sebagai Homo sapiens (Bahasa Latin yang berarti “manusia yang tahu”), sebuah spesies primata dari golongan mamalia yang dilengkapi otak berkemampuan tinggi. Dalam hal kerohanian, mereka dijelaskan menggunakan konsep jiwa yang bervariasi di mana, dalam agama, dimengerti dalam hubungannya dengan kekuatan ketuhanan atau makhluk hidup; dalam mitos, mereka juga seringkali dibandingkan dengan ras lain. Dalam antropologi kebudayaan, mereka dijelaskan berdasarkan penggunaan bahasanya, organisasi mereka dalam masyarakat majemuk serta perkembangan teknologinya, dan terutama berdasarkan kemampuannya untuk membentuk kelompok dan lembaga untuk dukungan satu sama lain serta pertolongan.

2. Kebudayaan.

Kata budaya dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia diartikan sebagai pikiran, akal budi atau adat-istiadat. Secara tata bahasa, pengertian kebudayaan diturunkan dari kata budaya yang cenderung menunjuk pada pola pikir manusia. Kebudayaan sendiri diartikan sebagai segala hal yang berkaitan dengan akal atau pikiran manusia, sehingga dapat menunjuk pada pola pikir, perilaku serta karya fisik sekelompok manusia.

Ø Hubungan Manusia dan Kebudayaan

Manusia dan kebudayaan merupakan dua hal yang sangat erat berkaitan satu sama lain. Manusia di alam dunia inimemegang peranan yang unik, dan dapat dipandang dari berbagai segi. Dalam ilmu sosial manusia merupakan makhluk yang ingin memperoleh keuntungan atau selalu memperhitungkan setiap kegiatan sering disebut homo economicus (ilmu ekonomi). Manusia merupakan makhluk sosial yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri (sosialofi), Makhluk yang selalu ingin mempunyai kekuasaan (politik), makhluk yan g berbudaya dan lain sebagainya.

Referensi;
http://aliseptiansyah.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/manusia-dan-kebudayaan/

http://yuliadi1994.blogspot.com/2013/04/manusia-dan-kebudayaan.html